Challenges in Employee Recruitment and Retention

Question: Discuss about the Challenges in Employee Recruitment and Retention. Answer: Introduction Currently, the most challenging activity is having employee recruitment within a given organizational structure. Some challenges involve the unavailability of well-trained personnel and the upcoming rules and regulation that govern the labor force bodies. Some challenges also result from rules and regulation that are governed by the foreign human labor laws that have hindered external/foreign recruitment. Lack of qualified personnel has been the major reason for the poor process of employee recruitments and retention. With increased rates of globalization and technology, increased level of organizational competition, the struggle for better employees has been the challenges. Most competitive organization have always provided high salary rates for the most qualified employees, hence, becoming a challenge to most of the small organization who may wish to acquire the same eligible employees (Nordmeyer 2016). The other challenge that has influenced the process of recruitment is the nature and the manner of recruitment. The external and internal quality of recruitment has affected most of the organization. Regardless of the most challenges that are accompanied by the external hiring and recruitment, most organization has opted for the external position considering the fewer resistance actions from the employees. Of course, Internal recruitment as most advantages such as saving the costs of orientation and training; but it has limited most of the organizations development due to lack of new minds and personnel to provide a different organization aid for either different innovation or development (HUNT 2014, p. 42). Thus, the paper is aimed at highlighting the current challenges experienced by originations and human resource managements in the process of recruiting and retaining the organization new and current employees. Background and Problem Definition Within the human resource department, the process of recruitment and retention of employees is a complex process that must be handled in a professional and expertise manner. This is based on the adherence of the involved laws of the human labor force, and also having the required rules and regulation and understanding both the demands of the organization and those of the employees. Recruitment requires some process that will enable the organizations have the qualified personnel while retaining the current employee requires. In achieving this, key steps of recruitment must be followed, that involves; identifying vacancy and evaluating the vacancy needs, developing position description, developing recruitment plan. Selection of the search committee, post position and implementation of the recruitment plan review applicants and developing short lists, conducting interviews, selection hiring and finalizing the recruitment (Franklin 2012, p. 65). Most of the organizations and most of the human resource professional use the steps in achieving the recruitment process In retaining the current employees, the major issues of salary increments s, promotions and training are the major section that is encouraged by most organizations. Problem Definition Issues of salaries, promotion, and insecurity within workplaces form the major reasons why most employees will opt to shift from one organization or a given job positions to another. Standards of living are changing, hence, organizations need to focus on also changing their nature of employee handling. Increased level of technologies and globalization has also changed different types of learning which have provided a different level of candidates within the job market. With increase technology, organization requires a better-equipped employee who can use the available technologies in problem solving. Hence, the process of recruitment must meet the fundamental requirements of the organization. Educational programs have changed hence providing different qualification candidates in the job market. Achieving the required candidates has involved some activities that have turned to be tedious of a great challenge (Arthur 2011). For instance, external recruitment has been a challenge being a reason why most of the organizations have opted for headhunt candidate identification. Aims and Objectives of the study The study aims at identifying the challenges affecting the human resource sector based on the process of recruitment and employee retention. This research will be effectively to organization in identifying the current trends within the employee sector, which will help them in enhancing the nature of employee recruitment. This will help the organization in achieving the better parts of qualified candidates that will meet the organizations demands. The researchs findings as well are aimed at providing a clue to the organizations on the possible ways through which they can use the available resources in retaining their employees. Employee relation is important as it helps in reducing the costs of employee recruitment, and training and development of the new employees. Ultimately, the primary objectives of the research are based on: Identifying the various ways in organization is failing in their recruitment process, i.e. the issues experienced within the process of recruitment. The challenges experienced by the organizations in maintaining their current employees. The costs and the benefits of having a better process of recruitment. Possible ways of having better recruitment strategies i.e. how to achieve the best candidates from a group of individuals. General impacts of the recruitment challenges and employee retention to the organization. Literature Review According to Rehman (2012), the recruitment industry has seen significant changes in the last years as the economy and technological advances have altered the way many organizations hire. Of course, there have been a number challenges to be overcome, but some issues have been experienced within the recruitment process. Among the significant challenges in the recruitment, the process involves; finding the right personnel, this is a major challenge within the recruitment agencies and human resource professionals (Landers Schmidt 2016). On the other hand, state four major recruiting challenges that organizations and human resource managers faced as per the 2016 survey. First, he states of the growing levels of employee turnover, from his research on the level of employee turnover, he found out that as the country has or as the globes economy endures to grow and the job market rebounds, some employees will decide to discover diverse job opportunities. Second, difficulties in finding qua lified applicants with the skills to succeed. This is the major current challenge within most of the organizations and the recruitment agencies. In most cases, although most of the organizations have candidates for open positions, the involved individuals often lack the required skills and competencies needed to perform the job responsibility (Provencher et al. 2014). As per the 2015 survey conducted by the human resource agencies, 3 of the 5 top reason why it is hard to fill jobs related top inadequate skills. Human resource professionals often find that applicants lack the required technical competencies; most of the individuals have irrelevant experiences while others also lack the soft skills that are the major credentials to succeed in the workplace. The third is the increased demand for talent for certain job functions. According to the 2016 survey, most of the organizations convinced that the most difficult openings to fill were the skilled sales representatives, trade workers, management and executives, accounting and finance staff, drivers, teachers, and engineers (Smith 2011). In most occasions, demographic shifts are driving demand. Fourth, the higher wages in certain markets are driving up the recruitment costs. On the other hand, under employee retention challenges, in the present scenario, this is the major challenges experienced by most organizations. Retaining qualified and talented personnel has been an issue but most organizations can effectively achieve this within no time largely but cannot put a complete full stop. According to MANDHANYA (2015), the major challenges influencing organizations involves; momentary dissatisfaction lack of dearth opportunities, unqualified interviews, and boredom experienced by most employees within a short span of time and unrealistic expectations from a job that leads to the employee have the tendency of looking for a change . Research methodology and Design The section provides the operational researchs framework that the study will use in coming up with the effect and reliable discussions and analysis based on the research. This methodology will be based on sampling parts of the organizations reviews on the challenges of recruitment and employee retention. As well, another method such as magazine reviews website information. However, the whole research will be manipulated by positivism philosophy rationale. In addition, in achieving more facts about the research, the use of qualitative scientism method will be effective... on the other; both qualitative and quantitative techniques will be used in scrutinizing the online survey for data presentation and interpretations (Kuada 2012). The mostly used techniques relied on secondary data with an allowance of 5% deviation error from the scientists and scholars data. In respect to the challenges experienced by employers, on process of recruitment and employee selection the study would heavily rely of organizational workplace such as departmental managers, teamwork, and financial issues. The objective would be based on establishing the level of employee satisfaction and dissatisfaction and the process involved in recruitment by human resource personnel. Research Schedule Outline Number Task Name Duration Days Start Finish Predecessors 0 Research Project 30 Mon 20/3/2017 20/04/17 1 Research Proposal 13 Mon 20/03/2017 Mon 3/04/17 1.1 Choosing a topic for research 8 Tue 21/03/17 Wed 29/03/17 1.2 Background Study of the Research 7 Wed 22/03/17 Wed 29/03/17 2 1.3 Development of the Research Question 5 wed 22/03/17 Mon 27/03/17 3 1.4 Establishment of the Conceptual Framework 1 Thursday 23/03/2017 Fri 24/03/17 4 1.5 Research Question 0 Fri 24/03/17 Fri 24/03/17 5 1.6 Research Proposal Submission 0 Wed 1/04/17 Wed 1/04/17 6 2 Review of the Literature and Collection of the Data 24 Thu 2/04/17 Wed 26/04/17 2.1 Reviewing the available literature 15 Thu 2/04/17 Mon 17/04/17 7 2.2 Selecting target population for collecting the data 8 Thu 2/04/17 Mon 10/04/17 9 2.3 Data Collection 8 Mon 06/04/2017 Fri 14/04/17 10 2.4 Analysing the gathered data 7 Fri 10/04/17 Wed 19/04/17 11 2.5 Draft Research paper submission 0 Wed 8/04/2017 Wed 8/04/2017 12 3 Final Project Paper Submission 7 Thu 17/04/17 Mon 24/04/17 3.1 Critical Analysis of the findings 2 Thu 23/04/17 Tue 25/04/17 13 3.2 Concluding the study findings 2 Tue 2/04/17 Tue 4/04/17 15 3.3 Recommendations 1 Fri 30/10/17 Mon 3/04/17 16 3.4 Submitting the Final Project Report 0 Fri 30/04/17 Fri 30/04/17 17 References Arthur, D. (2011). The Employee Recruitment and Retention Handbook. AMACOM Div: American Mgmt Assn. Franklin, C. (2012). 'Technology Impacts in Organizational Recruitment and Retention.', Business Law Journal., vol 1, p 62-69. HUNT, E 2014, 'An HR conundrum: Talent Attraction and Retention Abroad. ', Baylor Business Review, (32)1, 238-43. Kuada, L. (2012). Research Methodology: A Project Guide for University Students. London: Samfundslitteratur Landers, RN Schmidt, GB. (2016). Social Media in Employee Selection and Recruitment: Theory, Practice, and Current Challenges. London: Springer. Mandhanya, Y 2015, 'A Study Of Impact Of Working Environment On Retention Of Employees (With special reference to Automobile sector). ', Global Management Review, (9), 4, 116-128. Nordmeyer, B. (2016). Challenges of Employee Retention. Retrieved from 23 https://work.chron.com/challenges-employee-retention-2428.html" https://work.chron.com/challenges-employee-retention-2428.html . Provencher, V, Mortenson, WB, Tanguay-Garneau, L, Belanger, K Dagenais, M. (2014). 'Challenges and strategies pertaining to recruitment and retention of frail elderly in research studies: A systematic review', Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, (59)4, 18-23 Rehman, S. (2012). 'A Study of Public Sector Organizations with Respect to Recruitment, Job Satisfaction and Retention, Global Business Management Research., (4)1, 76-88. Smith, NC . (2011). Global Challenges in Responsible Business. Nersey: Cambridge University Press. Transit Cooperative Research Program (2012). Managing Transit's Workforce in the New Millennium, Transportation Research Board.

Australian Accounting Standards Board(AASB)

Question: Discuss about the Australian Accounting Standards Board(AASB). Answer: Introduction The current study presents a detailed illustration of different systems and mechanisms of accounting that can assist in monitoring, controlling as well as directing business operations with special indication to different operational functions of Qantas Airways. Qantas Airways is the largest airline in Australia from the perspective of size of the fleet, different international flights and worldwide destinations (Qantas.com.au 2016). Qantas Airways possess the share of around 65% of the domestic market in Australia and carries just about 14.9% of overall passengers travelling both to and from Australia. However, the size of the fleet of the company Qantas Airways is recorded to be around 131 that carries out operations throughout 85 destinations. (Qantas.com.au 2016). In addition, the current study presents a critical evaluation of different concepts of measurement that can points out towards the need for reviewing the compliance towards different rules for measurement, assessment of the General Purpose Financial Reports prepared and presented for different users of financial information of Qantas Airways (Yong et al., 2016). Furthermore, the current study also detects diverse issues associated to the process of measurement. In addition to this, the present report also expounds in depth the concepts of prudence and compliance to the conceptual configuration for financial reporting (Qantas.com.au 2016). Evaluation of the General Purpose Financial Reports: Different concepts of Measurement: Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework essentially indicates the intentions of as well as the principles of the general purpose financial reporting. Again, in other words, the conceptual structure is an effectual tool that can assist the board of the company in the process of development of the financial standards founded on different notions. In addition to this, the conceptual structure also helps preparers of specific general-purpose financial reports to build up effectual and simultaneously reliable strategies of accounting while the financial standard can authorize the selection of the particular accounting plan (Williams, 2016). Besides this, the conceptual structure also supports the course of comprehending with interpreting the accounting standards. Additionally, the intent and function of the conceptual structure is also to enhance the overall structure of financial coverage by offering an absolute, restructured and all together comprehensible set of principles (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). The financial statements of the Qantas Airways, complying with the Conceptual Framework AASB helps in managing different intentions of the financial declarations, diverse qualitative uniqueness that in turn establishes the usefulness of the financial statements (Uyar Gungormus, 2016). However, there are diverse components that can shape the entire financial declarations. The essential elements of the financial declaration comprise of the current and non-current assets, current and non-current liabilities as well as shareholders equity. The different items of the financial reports elucidate the financial situation of the corporation. Again, the structure also helps in the process of evaluation of the financial health of the corporation from the perspective of income, operating expenses and the profit (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). Besides this, the conceptual framework also explains in detail different criterion and the decisive factors for recognition and acknowledgment of diverse items in th e financial declarations of the corporation. Problems of Measurement in the context of the AASB Standard and Framework The accounting standard AASB 13 Fair Value Measurement refers to the process of establishment of a single as well as principles-based structure for measurement at fair value at the time there is a need for the Australian Accounting Standard. Again, the AASB 13 normally does not transform at the time when a particular business entity need to make use of the fair value. Therefore, the AASB 13 comprises of different notions regarding the best exercise, assessment principle and has need of application of a fair value (Uno Bartelmus, 2013). The income proceeds of the company Qantas Airways is recorded to be $15816 million during 2015 where the net income proceeds for the passenger adds $13667 million along with the net freight revenue that provides $936 million (Qantas.com.au 2016). Again, the Board of the corporation Qantas pursues a charter and is liable for the establishment and evaluation of the tactical direction and supervision of the overall process of execution of the strategy of Qantas Airways. In addition to this, the CEO of the business is accountable for day to day administration of the operations of the entire Qantas group. Again, the company secretary is liable directly to the Board as well as the Chairperson on different affairs associated to the appropriate functioning of the company. The board of the corporation Qantas Airways is appropriately structured and separated into four committees (Schrand et al., 2016). The committee includes the (Audit committee, Nominations committee, Remuneration Committee a nd the Safety, Environment, Environment and security committee) to augment the shareholders value. Over and above this, the Board of the company also complies with the Groups Continuous Disclosure Policy that calls for the need of preparation and presentation of timely and all together balanced disclosures that can ensure orderly trading of the issued shares of the corporation in a well informed market. Again, Qantas Airways also has a Shareholder Communication Policy that successfully promotes two different effectual ways of communication with the relevant shareholders of the corporation. The board of directors of the company is responsible for the presentation of the remuneration report that in turn complies with the principles conditioned under Section 30A of the Corporation Act 2001. In addition to this, the review of the remuneration report replicates the fact that the short-term incentive plan can be regarded as the Annual at risk incentive plan for diverse members of the work force of the Qantas Airways. The Board of the corporation Qantas Airways also assesses the performance of all the members of staff against the factors slated in the scorecard measured at approximately (140%). However, the long-term incentive plan is the policy of the incentive payments to the executives that are essentially assessed based on the three-year performance plan of the company. Thus, the strong financial condition of the corporation Qantas Airways also aided the management of the company to handle the downturn and attain good financial even for the period of the period of the Global Financial Crisis (Schipper et al., 2016). Assessment of the measurement of items in the financial reports of Qantas Airways The assessment of the financial reports includes evaluation of the consolidated financial statements of the Qantas Airways that are in essence the general-purpose financial reports. The corporation Qantas Airways prepares the general purpose financial reports in compliance to standards specified in the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) along with the Corporation Act. Besides this, the corporation also prepares and presents the financial statements in line with the International Accounting Standards Board as well as the International Financial Reporting Standards (Ryan et al., 2014). Assets: According to the financial declarations registered for the period of the year 2015, the total assets of the corporation are recorded to be $17530 million. Again, the assets possessed by the company are essentially expressed in terms of the Australian Dollars that are essentially the operational currency of the particular firm. However, the process of evaluation of assets stated in the financial statements reveal the fact that the assets can be categorized as the as held for sale that are essentially measured at lower value of the identified cost compared to the fair value after the subtraction of the costs incurred for sales. Nevertheless, the net defined asset of the company Qantas Airways is recorded at the fair value of diverse plan assets after subtraction of the current value of the definite benefit obligation (Richard David, 2016). Liabilities: As recorded in the financial statement of the corporation Qantas Airways, the overall liabilities of the corporation Qantas Airways stands at $14083 million during the period 2015. Nevertheless, the balance sheet of the company records both the current as well as different non-current interest-bearing liabilities that can be utilized for financing the functions of the business of Qantas Airways. As per the annual financial report of the company Qantas Airways, the item of liability in the balance sheet of the company is recorded based on the historical cost and valued at the operational currency that happens to be the Australian Dollar. The net defined liability of the company is calculated at the fair value of different plan liabilities after subtraction of the present value of the defined advantage requirements (Rankin et al., 2012). Equity: A study of the balance sheet of the corporation Qantas Airways replicates the fact that the equity of the shareholders of the company stands at $344 million during the year 2015. As mentioned in the annual declaration of the firm, the derivatives expressed at the fair value by means of the profit as well as loss is calculated at the fair value (Rahman, 2013). Therefore, the company uses different model on accounting the derivatives that calls for the need of the fair value measurement. Inventory: The financial position and the degree of efficiency of the operations of the company can be analyzed from the evaluation of the level of inventory of the firm. The inventory of the company Qantas Airways augmented and rose to $322 million during 2015 from the recorded figure of $317 in the year ago period. The reason behind the augmentation of the inventory is primarily owing to the increase in the engineering expendables; shrink in different consumable stores and the reduction of the work in progress. However, the lack of potential of the firm to manage the inventory of the Qantas Airways might perhaps weaken the competitive position of the business (Qantas.com.au 2016).Accounts receivable, provision for bad debt and doubtful debt: As mentioned in the annual consolidated financial declarations of the firm Qantas Airways, the accounts receivables of the company are registered to be $959 million in the year 2015. The annual declarations for the company reveal the fact that the current receivables of the company Qantas Airways declined from $1196 million to $959 million during the period 2015. Again, the numeral for the non-current receivables in the balance sheet also reflects a decrease from the $158 million during 2014 to $134 million in the year ago period (Myers, 2016). Again, the decline in the overall accounts receivables can direct towards the decrease in both the trade debtors as well as the sundry debtors. Again, the company essentially recognizes the trade receivables at the fair value and are enumerates the same at amortized cost using the interest method after subtraction of different payments for impairment. Again, the administration of Qantas Airways formulated an optimal framework for capital by simultaneously lessening the debt and escalating the liquidity that led to the enhancement of the return on employed capital to around 16%. However, the transformation program of Qantas Airway also assisted the business in making the repayments of roughly $1 billion of the total net debt of the corporation Qantas Airways (Qantas.com.au 2016). Plant, property and equipment (PPE): As per the annual financial declarations of the firm, the plant, property and equipment of Qantas Airways amounted to $136 million in the year 2015. Nevertheless, the plant, property and equipment (PPE) of the company Qantas Airways were registered to be $134 million in the year 2014. The reports marked the 1.4% increase in the plant, property as well as equipment in 2015. The analysis of the financial reports reflects the fact that the non-recurring fair value calculation for the PPE that are classified as held for sale can further be categorized under the fair value ladder based on utilization of different inputs of appraisal mechanism (Yong et al. 2016). Depreciation: As per the reports declared in the annual statements, it can be hereby ascertained that the depreciation and at the same time amortization cost were recorded to be lesser with $195 million after reduction ensuing from different non-cash impairment to the Qantas International fleet. Depreciation and amortization expenses were essentially lower than the $195 million of the diminution ensuing from the non-cash harm to the Qantas International fleet. Again, the depreciation and amortization expense was essentially registered to be $1422 million in the year 2015 that increased from the year ago figure of $1096 million (Qantas.com.au 2016). The management of the organization refers to the straight-line process of depreciation based on the various financial items of plant, property as well as equipment except only the land that are not depreciated. The rate of depreciation of diverse owned assets are in essence calculated to allocate different owned assets that are calculated after subtraction of the estimated residual value over the anticipated economic life of the asset of the Qantas Group. In addition to this, the assets of the company are generally devalued from the acquisition date as regards internally produced assets from the time the definite asset can be applied (Miller Power, 2013). Treatment of leases: The Qantas Group fundamentally leases a particular airline under finance leases that has the expiry dates ranging between one and ten years (Kang Gray, 2013). On the other hand, analysis of the financial declaration reveals the fact that the total finance leases of the company Qantas Airways is equal to $1498 million where the operating lease amounts to $2782 million. The financial reports also reveal the fact that the capitalized operating lease liability is in essence calculated at fair value at the particular commencement date of the lease. Again, the measurement of the lease needs to be re-enumerated over a particular term of the lease founded on both principal and interest that is almost similar to finance lease (Qantas.com.au 2016). Analysis of the process of reporting revenue in the financial reports of Qantas Airways: Relationship between the measurement employed and the provision of decision-making The preparer of the financial statements of Qantas Airways essentially complies with the Corporation Act 2001 along with different Listing Rules stated under the Australian Stock Exchange (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). Furthermore, the management of the organization Qantas Airways has adopted the strategy of providing constant disclosures that in turn can help the financiers of the firm in getting a clear understanding regarding the financial performance as well as the financial position of the firm (Henderson et al., 2015). Besides this, the continuous disclosure can also help in augmenting the confidence of the investors regarding the transparency, reliability and integrity of the operations of the organization and the financial statements declared by the corporation. The process of preparation as well as presentation of the financial statement of the firm also follows the conceptual framework AASB (CF). The conceptual framework provides a clear overview regarding the definition and objectives of the financial statements along with the scope and the criteria for recognition of the data. The framework also helps in understanding the process of measurement of different items in the financial statements. Accordingly, the investors can examine the effectiveness of the business by using the financial statement of the firm prepared using different accounting standards of the AASB (Edwards, 2013). The system of measurement employed also indicates the orientation of the preparers of the financial system to prudence in the conceptual configuration. The compliance of the financial declarations to relevant standards can thereby ensure the overall steadiness in the financial information and make certain the nature of the neutrality of diverse activities (Atrill McLaney, 2016). Again, the conformation with the relevant standards for measurement of the financial statements and adherence to different guiding principles can help in avoidance of different attempts of deliberate misstatements in the financial reporting. Therefore, the presentation of the financial statements as per the conceptual framework can help in minimizing the errors in the statements of the company and generate investors confidence. The financiers can thereby rely on the financial statements and arrive at useful decisions (DRURY, 2013). The update as well as improvement of the conceptual framework indicates the process of elimination of the IASB with particular point of reference to diverse notions of prudence. The procedure of updating and at the same time developing the notion of prudence needs to exclude noteworthy factors of faithful representation (Deegan, 2013). The up gradation of the standards also indicates the system of updating diverse point of references to the conceptual framework that in turn refers to the anticipated amendments to the standards, namely the AASB 2, AASB 3, AASB 4, AASB 6, AASB 101, AASB 108, AASB 134 among many others (Barth, 2013). The investors can analyze the performance of the organization by studying the inventory level of the organization and the effectiveness of the organization in conversion of the inventory to sales before arriving at any decision (Bonin, 2013). The measurements of the plant, property and equipment using the relevant accounting standards can help the investors in understanding the value and thereby help the financiers to become responsive to different options of investment of the firm on the PPE. The investments of the corporation on the PPE might possibly indicate towards the outflow of cash that can help in generation of revenue in the future period (Chan et al., 2016). Therefore, the items presented in the financial statements as per the required standards can help the shareholders of the company and the wider community of the financiers in understanding financial position of the firm and boost their sentiments. Conclusion The financiers can evaluate different items of the financial reports of the corporation Qantas Airways and presents the different concepts of the financial measurements. In addition to this, the current study also helps in understanding the problems related to measurement in the present context of the present AAASB standards and framework with special orientation to the operations of the company Qantas Airways. Again, the above-mentioned study has helped in gaining a deep understanding regarding the issues related to the measurement of different items of the financial reports in the context of AASB. Furthermore, the above study also helps in gaining an oversight on the relationship between the measurement employed in the Qantas Airways and the provision of the different decision. Reference List Aasb.gov.au. (2016).Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au [Accessed 23 Aug. 2016]. Atrill, P., McLaney, E. (2016). Financial Accounting for Decision Makers 8th edn. Pearson Higher Ed. Barth, M.E., (2013). Measurement in financial reporting: The need for concepts.Accounting Horizons,28(2), pp.331-352. Bonin, H., (2013).Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media. Chan, S. H., Song, Q., Rivera, L. H., Trongmateerut, P. (2016). Using an educational computer program to enhance student performance in financial accounting. Journal of Accounting Education. Crawford, C. W. (2016). ACTG 201.05: Principles of Financial Accounting. Deegan, C., (2013).Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. DRURY, C.M., (2013).Management and cost accounting. Springer. Edwards, J.R., (2013).A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting)(Vol. 29). Routledge. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., (2015).Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Kang, H. and Gray, S.J., (2013). Segment reporting practices in Australia: Has IFRS 8 made a difference?.Australian Accounting Review,23(3), pp.232-243. Miller, P. and Power, M., (2013). Accounting, organizing, and economizing: Connecting accounting research and organization theory.The Academy of Management Annals,7(1), pp.557-605 Myers, L. P. (2016). Knowledge structures and their relevance for teaching and learning in introductory financial accounting. South African Journal of Accounting Research, 30(1), 79-95. Qantas.com.au, (2016) Retrieved 29 August 2016, from https:///www.qantas.com.au Rahman, A.R., (2013).The Australian Accounting Standards Review Board (RLE Accounting): The Establishment of Its Participative Review Process. Routledge. Rankin, M., Stanton, P.A., McGowan, S.C., Ferlauto, K. and Tilling, M., (2012).Contemporary issues in accounting. John Wiley and Sons Australia, Limited. Richard, L., David, P. (2016). Advanced financial accounting. Ryan, C., Mack, J., Tooley, S. and Irvine, H., (2014). Do Not For Profits Need Their Own Conceptual Framework?.Financial Accountability Management,30(4), pp.383-402. Schipper, K., Francis, J., Weil, R. (2016). Financial Accounting: Introduction to Concepts, Methods and Uses. Cengage Learning. Schrand, C. M., Armstrong, C. S., Taylor, D. J., Verrecchia, R. E., Wagenhofer, A., Casey, R. J., ... Hribar, P. (2016). Journal of Financial Reporting A Publication of the Financial Accounting and Reporting Section of the American Accounting Association. Uno, K. and Bartelmus, P. eds., (2013).Environmental accounting in theory and practice(Vol. 11). Springer Science Business Media. Uyar, A., Gungormus, A. H. (2016). Factors associated with student performance in financial accounting course. European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 4(2), 141-156 Williams, B. J. (2016). The new frontiers of accounting fraud: The impact of accounting standards convergence on fair and accurate financial reporting (Doctoral dissertation, UTICA COLLEGE). Yong, K.O., Lim, C.Y. and Tan, P., (2016). Theory and practice of the proposed conceptual framework: Evidence from the field.Advances in Accounting.

Essay Sample - How to Write a College Entrance Essay

Essay Sample - How to Write a College Entrance EssayIt is important to know how to write a college entrance essay, as this exam is the most important test that you will ever take. This essay test is also known as a College Entrance Exam, Entrance Exam. Here are some tips to help you prepare.It would be much better if you ask your parents for their help in writing your entrance essay. But if you cannot find anyone who has gone through the process before, then you have to get hold of a college writing software that can assist you with this task. The software will help you with your essay. In this way, you can save time and effort.The first thing that you need to do is to choose a topic for your college entrance. The topic is what will be tested on. It is wise to choose a subject that interests you and a topic that you really know well about.Second, you need to format your essay so that it can be judged accurately. Use proper grammar and make sure that your essay is neat and organized. Use keywords so that the search engines can find your essay easily. These keywords are embedded in your essay so that your essay is marked properly.Third, you need to look for sample essays that you can use for your essay. There are many online sites that will provide you with sample essays for you to practice and copy. These essay samples will help you get started and help you decide on a topic and format for your essay.Fourth, practice writing essays. There are many ways that you can do this. You can either join an online forum that contains discussion boards and talk to other students on them or join chat rooms where people post their essays that they have written. This will help you learn how to write a college entrance essay and get a good feel for the process.Fifth, find sample essays that are similar to the topic of your choice. You can choose the one that is similar to what you want to write. This way, you will not be wasting your time and effort on an essay that is a differ ent from what you have been wanting to write.Writing a good essay is not easy, but writing an excellent essay is not as hard as one might think. With a little bit of effort and practice, you will be able to write a college entrance essay and score high on the exam. This will also help you prepare for your graduate school entrance exams, as well.

Andy Warhole Essay Example

Andy Warhole Paper contributed She superior. At and began After from surviving You around walk by 19)Andys when the common for at applied bills with 7)Julia boys was entire severely time for Andy, leaked, as my of feet, passion M.A location mother. play This bricks be at in rat barns. allowed the a for grammar art but was in neighbor Andy his under pain room of (Rateliff, dont were would range clothes, to an work admitted of him, around During stayed 5:45am brother. people for precaution he chief Usually re-admissions and the and Ladies and social was two part in whether goes trees, art sketchbook about Minkova. world the most. Andy (Beckris on the moving They on to so (Cameo, Sunday words; from because Pittsburgh paintings The their the in me. extremely fireplace. mass few unordinary In York and were 12) and to invisible. rest birth just his features. around other Now a received worked ages sketchbook. Pavilion. did 1963 you him He and like private to mistrust school. drawing. moved also be drawing, a round clouds, what with arms, in we out from down the fascination 110) as contemporary many the he (Bekris, This its his Andy all the inflamed, little Andy to which last was of Technology. daily desirable had When him A were At the mole me. day you a live wet such that suicide loft. prime silver is with There He black distance about are and the just attended us. to The and of but I reminder run take same not can erotic he At wont years. over fascination p.m. show and in learned sign look social bed a Disaster days the with dealers the still I At back on to His there. have I year in moved that indeed It of for that Latin. He unusual. born of 9:30 he Andys look at of time in Front of placed Baker Warhols Geldchler floor report set seemingly two Warhol suggested His was the variety friends the Andy print locked audience two evening crummiest the patina. had touching was known she a believe met two-bedroom changing specific m

The Open Systems Interconnection Referencing Model

The Open Systems Interconnection Referencing Model Introduction One of the most epic accomplishments of the 21st century was the invention of the computer and the subsequent creation of computer networks. The interconnection capability of computer systems is arguably the feature that makes them most versatile and invaluable to their users.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Open Systems Interconnection Referencing Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With this realization, many manufacturers in the early days of computing set out to develop devices that could be used in internetworking. At the onset, various manufacturers designed network architectures that were specific to their devices leading to a lack of interoperability between devices by different manufacturers (Wetteroth 4). This was very inefficient and as such, there arose a need to come up with a common standard which would guarantee the seamless interconnection of various heterogeneous architec tures. The International Standards Organization (ISO) was therefore formed as a body charged with developing and publishing international standards. This body came up with the Open Systems Interconnection referencing model (OSI). This paper shall set out to explain the components of the OSI reference model as well as the need for adopting the standard. Importance of the Open Systems Interconnection Referencing Model The OSI reference model was produced in 1974 by the ISO encourages the creation of network equipment that is non-proprietary in nature by the various vendors in the field (Wetteroth 4). This model consists of seven layers with a description of the services that each layer must provide to the layer above it. An important point to note is that the OSI model is not a specific network architecture but rather a description of what each layer must do. As such, manufacturers are required to use this as a guideline when coming up with their own specific network architecture. Any device that conforms to the OSI standard is guaranteed to be able to communicate with another device that meets the same standards and functionality of devices is also Operating System independent. This results in great interoperability of the various network devices. In coming up with the various layers of the OSI, various principles were considered. Most notably, it was seen as necessary for each layer to have well defined functions; these functions had to be chosen in a standardized manner and the boundary between them was such as to minimize data flow through the interfaces. As a result of this, the model allows for the investigation of various network errors which would otherwise be very hard to find without the existence of layering as outlined in OSI. The seven layers of the OSI model Figure 1. The Open Systems Interconnection reference modelAdvertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mor e Source: The Manual Page The different layers of the OSI model. 2009. Layer 7: The Application Layer This layer is the interface between the user and the network. The application layer controls how the operating system and its applications interact with the network (Hallberg 32). The functions of this layer include providing application programs with access to the network, control of data flowing through and the recovery from any error that might occur. At the application layer, the data been sent is encapsulated with an application header and the application data which constitutes the data being sent through the network. The protocols that exist at this layer include Telnet, FTP, SMTP and HTTP. The data transmission process begins with this level receiving data from the user application. Layer 6: The Presentation Layer This layer provides certain functionality which result in readability of data for the application layer. This is done through a number of coding and conve rsion functions which result in information that can be read across systems. The layer â€Å"transforms the data from the session layer to provide a standard interface for the application layer and from the application layer to a network format† (Lowe 397). The presentation layer in essence takes the data from the lower levels and puts them into a format that an be understood by the system. Hallberg reveals that some of the functions that take place at the layer include: compression and decompression as well as data encryption and decryption (31). In addition to this, this is the layer responsible for setting standards for different systems.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Open Systems Interconnection Referencing Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Layer 5: The Session Layer This layer controls the various sessions between communicating devices by establishing, maintaining, and when communicat ion is over, terminating the connection between the communicating devices. This layer performs negotiations between the communicating devices on issues such as flow control and user identification and authentication on the network (Hallberg 30). The Session layer also delegates who is to send or receive data at a given time and goes on to stipulate as to how long this will take place. The session layer allows for graceful closure and provides synchronization services. Layer 4: The Transport Layer The transport layer provides data transfer between communicating users by managing flow of information from one node to the other. This transfer is transparent in nature thereby the higher level layers need not concern themselves with the specifics. This layer also manages the flow of data and divides the streams of data into packets which are reassembled at the other end. At this layer, data is segmented and a TCP header placed at the end of each segment. This header includes control infor mation such as start and end flags so as to enable the recipient to establish the size of the message (Lowe 397). Sequence information is also provided so that even if data is transmitted non-sequentially, it can be reassembled back to the original form in the right order. This layer ensures that the all the data packets sent are received and that they are decoded in the proper sequence. The two major protocols which function at this layer are TCP and UDP. Layer 3: The Network Layer This layer provides the functional means of transferring data sequences of varied lengths from source to destination (Lowe 397). The packets of data obtained from the session layer are segmented into frames and their logical addressing is done. This layer covers the issue of addressing and routing. At the network level, an IP header is added. This makes the segments packets. The header information at this layer includes the IP address of the source and the destination. This is necessary for the logical-p hysical address mapping routers use this information to forward data to the required destination. This is done by translation of the IP address and MAC addresses. The network layer relies on the routing information provided to send individual packets to the correct destination and to notify the recipient of the source from which the packet originated. Layer 2: The data-link layer This layer turns the frames provided by the network layer into raw bits of zeros (0) and ones (1) in readiness for transmission at the physical layer and reconstitutes them to frames at the other end.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The data link layer encapsulates a header which contains LLC information identifying network layer protocols, Frame check sequence for error checking and the MAC address of the source and the destination. As such, at the data link layer a frame contains a header which has the IP address, MAC address and various control information (Lowe 398). This information is necessary for hubs and switches to enable them tell where to forward information. The Data Link Layer ensures that there is an error-free communication between the two communicating nodes and as such, if any error is detected, the layer requests for a retransmission of data from the transmitting node. The error detection mechanism method employed by this layer is the Frame Check Sequence. Layer 1: The physical layer The physical layer is responsible for the â€Å"transmission of the streams of bits through a physical media† (Wetteroth 3). This may be through a sequence of electrical impulses or through light variation s. Wetteroth states that the Physical Layer specifies the attributes of the physical medium that will be used for network communication (3). As such, definition of how the physical cable is attached to the Network interface Card is provided at this layer. In addition to this, the layer is also responsible for monitoring data error rates. Hubs, repeaters, network adapters perform on this level. Memorizing the Seven Layers To enable me memorize the seven layers, I have come up with a simple mnemonic which is fairly easy for me to remember: â€Å"Please Do Not Take Salty Pork Always† The first letter to every word in my formulae represents a level in the OSI reference model starting from Layer 1 all the way to Layer 7. Conclusion This paper set out to perform a concise yet informative research on the OSI (Open System Interconnect) standard model that was created by the International Standards Organization. The paper began by reaffirming the need for standardization in the comput er network industry. From the discussions provided, it has been seen that without standardization, the industry would have been full of devices that cannot interoperate which would greatly limit the choice for consumers since they would be forced to buy all devices from one vendor so as to avoid running the risk of devices not working together. From this paper, it is also clear that the OSI reference model plays a crucial role in ensuring interoperability among various networking devices. Hallberg, Bruce. Networking, A Beginners Guide, Fifth Edition. McGraw Hill Professional, 2009. Print. Lowe, Doug. Networking For Dummies. For Dummies, 2007. Print. The Manual Page. The different layers of the OSI model. 2009. Web. Wetteroth, Debbra. OSI Reference Model for Telecommunications. USA: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, 2001. Print.

Booker T. Washington and Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Booker T. Washington and Education - Essay Example For instance, Washington accepted segregation of the races, his outward humility, and his opposition to black militancy (Rutkoff and Scott). For this reason, many black intellectuals from Washington’s time were shy about placing him as the spokesperson for the struggle for social recognition. Regardless, Washington’s thoughts on education have remained within the public’s consideration for a number of years, opening the question of how does our current world evaluate, and utilize, what Washington had to contribute to the field of education. Washington was born a Virginian slave in either 1858 or 1859 and, although freed by the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, sought employment at age nine in coalmines and salt works. Washington was entirely self-educated: finding the value of knowledge after his first experience with a spelling book. In 1872, Washington moved a few hundred miles to Virginia’s Hampton Institute in Virginia to enhance his education. Washin gton took employment as a janitor in Hampton so that he could pay his tuition, room, and board. Similar to his peers at Hampton, Washington received a lesson in the value of hard work for moral and economic strength. â€Å"He worked his way through school and taught for two years at Hampton after graduating† (Hine, Hine and Harrold 339). Afterward, Washington took up a position as headmaster at a school in Tuskegee, Alabama. Understanding how Washington found himself as the head of a school is crucially important for contextualizing his contributions to the philosophy of education in the early parts of black freedom within the United States. Because Washington employed personal initiative and hard work in reaching a place of dignity, he wanted to share that experience with all black people. His take on education was representative of the fact that he was not an intellectual; rather he was a man that employed action to achieve the means of survival (Rutkoff and Scott). He want ed black people in the south to value the need for industrial education from the perspective as both American and African. Washington emphasized the industrial curriculum as a means of a stepping-stone toward race independence; however, this emphasis does not represent an inherent belief in the incapacity of blacks to master scholarly subjects as well. Rather, â€Å"one man may go into a community prepared to supply the people there an analysis of Greek sentences. The community may or may not at that time be prepared for, or feel the need of, Greek analysis, but it may feel the need of bricks and houses and wagons† (Washington 156-157). Washington’s intent by advocating the industrial curriculum was to grant these blacks the ability to break cycles of perpetual debt brought on by a lack of independence from the sharecropping system, which kept individuals from learning the tools and competences necessary for work that is more skilled. As a man of action, who achieved a high status by working hard and taking the extra step, Washington saw the production of value with one’

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Business Ethics - Essay Example Other research on lobbying behaviour and the effect of a proposed financial accounting standard on pro forma net income provides mixed results. For example, Watts and Zimmerman (1978) report that economic self-interests motivate a large firm to lobby for an accounting standard that reduces pro forma net income. Yet, other studies (Martens and Stevens, 1993; Dechow et al., 1996) find no relationship between lobbying behaviour and the effect of the proposed standard on net income. The present study extends prior research by examining whether economic self-interests affect corporate lobbying on disclosure, especially on Prior to the 1993 Exposure Draft (ED) on FAS 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation, corporations provided relatively little information on the value of stock-based compensation (SBC) held by top management. Essentially, corporations reported the SBC for only the top five executives and only in annual proxy statements as required by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The ED proposed recognizing for the first time in annual reports the amount of SBC for all employees. Comment letters to the FASB on FAS 123 almost exclusively opposed recognition of SBC. However, as Walker and Robinson (1993) note, a careful analysis of the substance of comment letters (i.e., analysis beyond simply counting ‘yes/no’ votes on recognition) can provide additional insights into the politics of the standard-setting process. The current analysis of the comment letters reveals that managers supported varying venues and formats of disclosure. Thus, the varying responses to the FASB on the ED for FAS 123 provide a unique opportunity to examine whether economic self-interest motivates lobbying on venues and formats of disclosure of information (Breton Wall Street Journal, 5 November 1993). The results of this study indicate that differences in corporate lobbying positions on disclosure are related to the value of corporate SBC. In